Friday, February 14, 2020

Starbucks Corporate Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks Corporate Culture - Essay Example More than half of these branches are located in the United States, with the United Kingdom following by far with more than 100 branches (Starbucks Corporation. 2008). The company’s corporate culture is one of the most relaxed, and considerate in regard to the community. It is classified amongst the companies where employees are satisfied with remuneration packages and other attached benefits even as companies are suffering due to financial crisis (Reilly, 2008). The company is largely focused on the empowerment of employees through several benefit schemes which assist in career development and improved productivity. Employee retention is enhanced, which contributes to the organization’s overall productivity. The management emphasizes on the improvement of skills amongst the employees through training. They are trained through workshops and other classes that offer essential information on coffee, such as the history of coffee production, customer satisfaction and several other vital subjects aimed at creating employee awareness. These are mandatory classes for new employees in the company (Rose 2002). On top of training, the organization portrays its considerate attention to all employees regardless of their employment terms in regard to whether they are full time or part time. Both groups are entitled to a health and dental benefits, insurance against disabilities, compensation during vacation and leave, programs meant to assist the employees in personal matters as well as personal and financial development (Richards, 2007). All the benefits that employees are entitled to, significantly contribute to organizational productivity. They generate a sense of appreciation amongst them, thereby improving their commitment to the achievement organizational goals. The flexibility of working whereby employees work part time and still get benefits as the full time workers is significant in the enhancement of work life balance amongst the employees. This helps in

Saturday, February 1, 2020

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy - Essay Example This is the primary reason why management could not passively deal with the issues that concern the employees especially when dealing with the retail practices of business (Leat, 2001, 21). True, the situation of different organizations around the globe today are indeed changing massively, thus making it harder for their management teams to adjust on the said needs that they are supposed to adjust upon. As for a fact, decision-making is a major factor of management that requires adjustments in terms of actual application. People of different races intend to expect different things from the management Hence, it is then very important how effective management procedures could be affected by research procedures as per based in the theories of managing that shall be discussed within the following paragraphs of this paper. Along with this, the application of strategic choice in the different management activities that are to be handled for discussion shall also be tackled so as to know ho w it is possibly true that strategic choice becomes an element that subjects the business to different issues. As mentioned earlier, management requires one to be skillful enough in facing the different changes that the international set of business procedures offers the said systems of organizational operations. Hence, it could then be noticed that the management procedures accompanied by research yields better results on the part of the employers, the employees and the profit that the organization itself makes from the operations that it takes. Moreover, as research procedures aim to increase the knowledge of the people or the managers at that with regards the situation, the more they become competent in doing the job that they are supposed to complete. Through strategic choice application, most managers try to choose the right kind of solution that they ought to apply within certain situations. The examination of the different procedures by which managers

Friday, January 24, 2020

Sight Words and Highfrequency Words :: essays papers

Sight Words and Highfrequency Words Sight words and high-frequency words are necessary for early readers to learn because these are the words used most often in reading; these words account for 60% of most print. Sight words are a part of vocabulary that are immediately recognized in their entirety rather than requiring word analysis. By teaching children these words by sight saves them the trouble of attempting to sound them out; this is helpful because many of these words do not follow regular phoneme patterns, such as: some and are. Some other examples of sight and high-frequency words are: the, that, him, and also. Children are exposed to sight words and high-frequency words everyday, whether it is at home, in the classroom, or reading signs on the street. These words are also best exposed through literacy. Reading children’s books is one of the most successful ways for children to learn these important words. Since most first graders are unable to read an entire book indepently, reading to them numerous times a day or week can be beneficial in teaching them sight and high-frequency words. The leading types of books for doing this are predictable books, caption books, and label books. Students learn patterns in context plus vocabulary through reading predictable books. A few examples of predictable books are: If You Give a Mouse a Muffin by Laura Numeroff, Chicken Soup with Rice by Maurice Sendak, and Brown Bear, Brown Bear by Bill Martin. After reading a book such as Brown Bear, Brown Bear you could make a worksheet that involves children’s comprehension of the literacy used. For example you could have your students fill in these blanks, â€Å"Brown Bear, ____________ Bear What Do You See? I see a ___________ bird looking at me.† You can also use caption books, and label books in this way to benefit your students learning of sight words and high-frequency words. Although when using these books, it is important to make sure that your children are not just looking at the pictures or memorizing the text. You can assess them on this by covering up the pictures and showing them the words. Remember your goal as a teacher is for your students to become independent readers. When teaching these words, they should be taught together in isolation and in context.

Thursday, January 16, 2020

Scientific Method( Diffusion Lab)

Experiment: At this experiment we are investigating does the temperature affect how quickly the particles diffuse to an even concentration throughout the water, we are going to do this experiment by using food coloring to see how quick the food coloring diffuse in hot water and cold water. Materials: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ One beaker Hot plate Ice Water Food coloring Thermometer Timer Eye dropper Hypothesis:I think the food coloring will spread faster, because the particle in the hot water have more kinetic energy than the cold water, so it will spread faster.Particles at a higher temperature are moving faster than particles at a lower temperature, that is one of the law in particle theory. It spread slower in cold water, because the particles is moving slower than the hot water, when the water cool down the particles start to lost kinetic energy and they slowly clump together and vibrate. Procedure: First gather all the materials we need for the experiment, then pour 40ml cold water into the beaker.Wait for the temperature even out, then measure and record the temperature. After that use the eye dropper to collect some food coloring drip 4 drops into the beaker, record the amount of time needed for the food coloring to reach an even concentration throughout the cold water beaker. After the food coloring reach an even concentration, write what much time it takes to reach that. Next empty the beaker and add 40ml room temperature water from the tap into the beaker. Measure and record the temperature.Repeat the steps where we start using the eye dropper to drip 4 drops of food coloring into the beaker to where the food coloring spread evenly. Empty the beaker and heat up some water on the hot plate at level 2. After ? ve minutes of heating on the hot plate, pour 40ml of hot water into a beaker. Repeat the steps where we start using the eye dropper to drip 4 drops of food coloring into the beaker to where the food coloring s pread evenly. Last step, empty the beaker and replace all lab materials.Observation: When I start to drip 4 drops of food coloring, I saw the food coloring spread faster in the hot water, it take eight minutes and ? fty-one second to reach equal concentration through the beaker. I pull the food coloring after the water is boiled, and I can feel the heat was ? owing in the air, that mean it got many energy in the water to make the food color spread faster, it take three minute and ten second second to reach an equal concentration. For the cold water it take eleven minutes and ? ty-eight second to an reach equal concentration with the temperature 9 Celsius. It take eight minute and ? fty-one second for the room temperature water to reach an equal concentration. Conclusion: After this experiment I found that the food coloring spread faster in hot water, and it spread slower in the cold water, because the hot water had more energy and molecular movement in the warm water, particles at a higher temperature are moving faster than particles at a lower temperature, that is one of the law in particle theory.Diffusion is a process by which particles move from an are of high concentration to an area with low concentration, to explain why this happen because particles are always bouncing off each other, and an area witha high concentration of particles would be harder for a particle to bounce into than the one with very few particles.When I come up with the hypothesis I think of everything that we learn in science class, and I do research on the internet, so I came up that the particles inside the hot water is moving faster, and I thought that the cold water will spread slower, because when state change liquid to solid the particles start to lose energy and they slowly clump together and vibrate ,as the particle theory said the higher temperature the faster it moves.Water Temperature Time Cold Water 9 Celsius 11:58 min Hot Water 60 Celsius 3:10 min Room Temperature Water 20 Celsius 8:51 min Does Temperature affect how quick the food coloring to reach an equal concentration?

Wednesday, January 8, 2020

Feminism Is Defined As The Theory Of Political, Economic,

Feminism is defined as the theory of political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. (Definition of Feminism) and also as the organized activity on behalf of women s rights and interests. (Definition of Feminism). If one would look in-depth into Feminism they would see that there are three waves of Feminism. Now not all types or waves of feminism is wrong, but third wave, or the most recent, should not be supported, because they often tell myths that are just not true or usually use a fact then twist and manipulate what it really means. The first wave of feminism was a period of feminist activity and thought that occurred in the 19th century and early 20th century. First wave feminism focused on legal issues such as gaining†¦show more content†¦Women in countries that have an established structure of Sharia Law are almost never seen being supported by third wave feminists. In 2000, two Punjabi sisters, 20 and 21 years old, had their throats slit by their brother and c ousin because the girls were seen talking to two boys to whom they were not related. (Hymowitz) Third wave feminists were nowhere when this incident came through the media and exploded on the internet. So if these third wave or modern feminist really care where were they during this event? They did not have any march for fundraiser so to speak to give out support for the family. Next, third wave feminist fight for social and economic equality. They argue that women will get paid less than a man and that men are more likely to get a job than a woman. Modern feminists also argue that there is a rape culture that is embodied in universities across the US. When in theory this is not true. Modern feminists say that for every one dollar a male makes a woman will only make 77 cents. This is used to combat and say women need equal pay when in reality they already have it. Statistically speaking, the women workforce is greater in low income jobs then men. So therefore, men would automatically make more if you would take the averages. Next is another reason the wage gape is a complete and utter myth. Women on average will work less hours than a man on a fulltime job. So if you wouldShow MoreRelatedFeminist Theory And International Human Rights786 Words   |  4 Pagesof feminist theories and international human rights discourses as detailed in UN documents. The UN has advanced women’s rights by introducing a new human rights discourse, and by offering a place for interaction among women from different parts of the world. Women have used these opportunities from the UN to push several different feminist theoretical frameworks. The author examines the interaction of these various feminist. theories. She is drawing attention to the gap between theory and praxis.Read MoreSocial Construction And Its Impact On Society Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagescharacterized as nurturing, passive, delicate and dependent. Moreover, on economic grounds, the systems affect both men and female in a positive and negative way. The fact that men’s characteristics are socially valued in a society women have limited opportunities in the economy to obtain good paying jobs comparatively in men, as a result of their characteristic not being adequate enough to obtain jobs and positions in political, governmental, engineering fields. Hence, culturally, because of the wordsRead MoreThe Definition Of Modern Day Feminism1116 Words   |  5 PagesMegan Thompson Ms. Butters AP Language 13 November 2014 The Definition of Modern Day Feminism â€Å"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.† This is what Beyonce, one of the most famous and influential Women of Color in the past decade, claims in her 2014 VMA performance, with a large, shining backdrop of the word ‘feminist’ behind her. This quickly became one of the most direct and most widely-known displays of her feminist beliefs, and Beyonce isRead MoreFeminism, Marxism And Marxism1320 Words   |  6 PagesMarxism Marxism definition - the political, economic, and social principles and policies advocated by Marx; especially : a theory and practice of socialism including the labour theory of value, dialectical materialism, the class struggle, and dictatorship of the proletariat until the establishment of a classless society(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Marxism) Firstly, Marxism is a widely academically known and used theory and interpretation all over literature. However, this is differentRead More Feminism Essays1237 Words   |  5 PagesFeminism Works Cited Missing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feminism is the theory that men and women should be equal, politically, economically, and socially. There are many different types of feminism and each have a profound impact on someone’s view of society. The first is cultural feminism, which is the theory that there are fundamental personality differences between men and women, and that women’s differences are special. This theory supports the idea that there are biological differences between men and womenRead MoreFeminism1121 Words   |  5 PagesFEMINISM Introduction to Sociology Feminism Belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. The movement organized around this belief. Feminism Feminist Theory is an outgrowth of the general movement to empower women worldwide. Feminism can be defined as a recognition and critique of male supremacy combined with efforts to change it. Feminism The goals of feminism are: To demonstrate the importance of women To reveal that historically women have been subordinate to menRead MoreFeminism : Women s Role1541 Words   |  7 Pages Feminism has had a tremendous result on women’s roles in society and in their everyday life. After a while, women got sick of living a strict lifestyle. They became tired of staying caged in their houses, cooking, and cleaning, and not being able to do what they truly wanted and so desired. So, they decided that they wanted this no more and needed to do something to put a stop to this and make change. What they really wanted was equality between men and women and wanted the same opportunities thatRead MoreIn Our World Today, The Living Generations Seem To Be Incredibly884 Words   |  4 Pagesliving generations seem to be incredibly divided in their values, beliefs, and political stances. These differences were prominently shown in the most recent presidential election. Within these differences are differing opinions in what feminism stands for and what the acts in the name of feminism truly mean in the context of society. Feminism as defined by the Merriam Webster dictionary is: â€Å"the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes.† If this is the definition, why is thereRead MoreFeminism : A Social, Economic, And Social Equality Of The Sexes1465 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism. This seemingly harmless word can ruin or heighten a person’s reputation, it can give someone new views on the world, it can destroy relationships, it can build new ones; this single word can change lives. Most people categorize â€Å"feminism† as a code for women that tells them to hate men, not shave, burn bras, be vegan, and if there is any time left over maybe, just maybe, to fight for women’s rights. Now, there are definitely feminists that fulfill this stereotype but the vast majority ofRead MoreBlack Feminist1005 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Oxford English Dictionary, Black Feminist can be defined as a movement consisting of African American women advocating social, political, legal, and economic rights for women equal to those of men (Oxford English Press). Black feminism argues that sexism, social class oppression, and racism are inseparably bound together (Collins). The feminist movement has been around since the 1880s when the word â€Å"Feminism † appeared in the French language (Collins). The word found traction in Britain

Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Ethics in Business in Corporate Responsibility - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1606 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ethics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction Ethics in Business in corporate responsibility is crucial and to the business world it has become of increasing concern over the last two decades. Anderson (1989) agrees that in today’s generation, businesses must also reflect on ethical, legal, social and moral; significances of their verdicts. For listed companies it is now mandatory that they include a section on corporate social responsibilities in their annual reports. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethics in Business in Corporate Responsibility" essay for you Create order However, CIMA (2010) argues that many firms routinely ignore ethical considerations despite codes of practice, regulatory oversight, and ever-increasing public pressure. Consumers expect a business to demonstrate ethical responsibilities such as the treatment of employees, the community, the environment, working conditions etc. Where these expectations are not met this can have a severe negative impact on the business and now with social media this process is heightened. This causes business to start on the back foot and play catch up. To safeguard against such risks it is important that businesses consider the ethical implications of their activities in order to mitigate the chances of a public relations disaster which tend to be expensive and embarrassing. This report will investigate the ethical implication local and global for the expansion of our company. Ethical approach Various authors approach issues by questioning what their favoured moral or political theories say about them in business ethics (Moriarity, 2008). Utilitarian approach suggests that â€Å"an act is morally acceptable if it produces the greatest net benefit to society as a whole, where the net social benefit equals social benefits minus social costs† (Bentham, 1789; Mill, 1957; Brandt, 1979; Rachels, 1999; Velasquez, 1998; Schumann, 2001; Cavanagh, 1981). Utilitarianism suggests that well-being of every distinct individual is no more or less important than well-being of other individual. However, treating the entire individual in same way is not assumed. Therefore, the proposal of the project can be agreed as the greatest net benefits to society once the consequences been taken into account. On the other hand, Kantian ethics which states â€Å"highest good was the good will. To act from a good will is to act from duty. Thus, it is the intention behind an action rather than its consequences that make that action good† (Bowie, 1999). Therefore, it can be argued that the advantage of Kantian ethics in business is that by assembling verdicts based upon a good intention would always lead to virtuous business practice. However, Moriarity (2008) argues that ‘Organisation need an ethics of their own’ because of the distinctiveness of the organisational background. Yet, in business ethics an organisation can deprived moral and political theories but cannot function without consequences, guidelines, moralities, duties, virtues etc and the prominence of pre-theoretical perceptions. Therefore, our business decisions should be guided by sequences of CSR values in order to demonstrate good business citizenship. Dobson (2007) argues that virtue ethics which focuses on character and motivation rather than material goals of the agent can be co-related with our project permission. In addition, business activity must be viewed as a ‘practiceà ¢â‚¬â„¢ for the features to be effectively applied in business. However, the question could arise here ‘could our project expansion be ethically accepted and demonstrated? Are the gifts offered by our project is ethical? Wulfson, (2001) states that corporate philanthropy is one of the most observable techniques a business can help a community. The projected gifts to the local mayor to help the community and to the local school can be suggested as philanthropy ethics. These gifts could be offered as charitable bases which will show our project has a responsibility towards society that will operate in equivalent with the determinations to make profits as suggested by (Wulfson, 2001). By doing this, it will ensure the offered financial gift is taken as for advantage of the community and not as bribery or corruption which will give our project an advantage from public for its expansion. 3.2 Globalisation, CSR and global ethics Bardy, et al., (2011) argues that globalisation is most important chances for eliminating complete poverty worldwide. In addition, the increased sharing knowledge, cultural values and technologies are some of the benefits of globalisation (Kibert, et al.,). However, business ethics in a global context can be described in two different frameworks: relativism -â€Å"when in Rome, do as Romans do† which refers that an action depends on the moral norms of the society. Whereas, absolutism argues â€Å"home country cultural values must be applied everywhere as they are home† (Buller and McEvoy, p327). In addition, right or wrong may vary conferring to different values. For example, McDonald’s strategy of glocal ‘mixing the elements of globalisation and internationalisation has lead them to ability of higher market growth and hence profitability (Vignali, n.d.). Therefore, it is essential for our project expansion to understand and implement the business strateg y according to the culture and values of the country. Thus, our business should follow the cultural norms of country according to their necessity. On the other hand, Husted and Allen () questions â€Å"what is the relationship of global and local (country-specific) CSR to international organizational strategy?† Davis and Blomstrom () defines â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility CSR as the obligation of the internal corporate decision-makers to take action which protects and improves the welfare of society as a whole along with their own interest†. In other words CSR is a set of rules how firms manages their strategies and business for an overall positive and long-term within the environment where they operate. Furthermore, Husted and Allen() finding suggests that organisation strategy in the management of CSR multinational organisations will merely imitate the existing product-market. Hence, to fit in with the frim market strategy CSR remains an activity which when achieved without taking into account all firms including CSR is fortuitous. Our project expansion in lesser developed country indicates the beneficial for the development of the country. Thus, a firm can be multi-domestic in its CSR and world-wide in its market approach if the welfares of different strategies prevail over the costs implied by McWilliams and Siegel (2001). Furthermore, Corporate Social Responsibility CSR is used by companies as a political tool to protect their interest to make sustainable business to ensure not to raise barrier that could be harmful to environment and consumer (Detomaso, 2008). CSR concept encompasses an aggregation of activities to demonstrate the human rights, environmental and labour issues which are brought by activist group (Slack, 2006). Many multinational companies have been indicted of societal disrespect and environmental degradation for chasing profit. For example, in 2013, a garment factory which supplied clothing giants such as Prima rk and Marks and Spencer’s in Bangladesh collapsed killing hundreds of people (BBC, 2013). The initial reaction was huge public outcry of condemnation of the lessee’s fair attitude of the corporation in response to their responsibilities to everyone involved in the process of making their garments. 4.0 Consequence â€Å"Third World babies are dying because their mother’s bottle feed them with Western style infant milk† (Muller 1974). After the scandal of Nestle baby milk and Sanlu milk incident will it be acceptable to expand the baby powder milk factory in least developed country? There are various ethical implications drawn upon expanding the factory. However, one of the major concerns for the proposal is the free supply of baby milk for 3 months to newborn babies. The proposal refers to it as a gift, which from certain angles could be considered as exploitation. Consequently, babies may become dependent on powdered milk after 3 months not liking breast-feeding and poor families may be forced to buy powdered milk. In addition, the lack of income required to feed a baby might cause babies suffering from severe malnutrition and even death (CFB, 2004). This may lead to anger and resentment from the local community. Media will transfer from Local to National to International very quickly heightened by social media. Sales could drop and market share loss to competitors. Share price will fall and there could be the need for heads to roll at the decision makers. Therefore before any actions are taken more research needs to be performed to ensure that newly born babies won’t be so called ‘addicted’ to the milk. Another ethical implication of offering ‘gifts’ to the mayor can be misunderstood as Bribery. The question that can arise is â€Å"is it morally right action to referred â€Å"gifts† as a good action to precede the business†. The UK Bribery Act 2010 which was introduce for com panies of deteriorating to prevent bribery (TIUK, 2012) can cause our parent company to become liable which can block the expansion of our company globally. Hence, our company should only offer ‘gifts’ to school and community and not individual (mayor). â€Å"Doing well by doing good† was highlighted in 1989 by World watch Institute which suggests that business that care about preserving environment can also make profit (Hoffman, 1991). Being environmentally conscious can build a brand in tune with the mood of the country. Our company should concern for the protection of environment as a part of our project. Furthermore, ACAS () states that for employee/employer relationships to be successful there has to be a balance of interests. Companies in the UK have whistleblowing requirements. It should be ensured that these standards are maintained throughout the global operations. Whistle-blowers should be protected so that the organisations are accountable. Co nclusion and recommendation Ethics is about considering the wider effect of business in all aspects and not just the profit and loss account. It is very important to follow ethical implication locally and globally for the survival of the company in long term. The following recommendation should be taken for our expansion policy: Our business should embrace ethical practice. Should work with local suppliers so that more of the economic benefits stay within the country and help develop a poor country into a modern economy. Re-consider the proposed gifts.

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Culture Values - An analysis of The End and the...

Texts reflect the culture and values of their eras by presenting and addressing perspectives of the composers on the issues of the context. The poem The End and the Beginning by Wislawa Szymborska and the Austrian film 71 Fragments of a Chronology of Chance by Michael Haneke accomplish this by exemplifying issues in 1990s society such as the increasing influence of media and the breakdown of interpersonal communication. The End and the Beginning is a Polish poem by Wislawa Szymborska which captures a wars aftermath on its innocent citizens and how, in time, both the war and its origins are forgotten. It thus shows how the values of a country or society may change over time as the views and opinions of its citizens change. The overall†¦show more content†¦This fragmentation is also visually portrayed through the jigsaw-like paper game. Part-way through the film, a student fails to solve the puzzle leading to an outburst of anger, foreshadowing his final act of violence. Haneke has also used subtle film techniques to add to the sense of a breakdown of communication. The camera is always positioned in such a way that makes the audience feel detached from the characters. Rather than connecting emotionally with the characters, the audience is made to analyse them, thus reflecting the emotionless state which our society has assumed with changing values. The characters themselves are not named, allowing them to become representative of types within society. The use of media is also present throughout the film with Haneke showing the increasingly invasive presence of media within society as values change and mankind becomes more technological and industrialised. By repeating the same articles at the end with the embedding of the films event as another story, Haneke comments on how the media subsumes any disturbance into the even surface of society and integrates it into the unending stream of trivialised information. The film also serves a didactic purpose, as Haneke highlights and criticises the blatant use of violence in Hollywood action films, saying that his films are intended as polemical statements against the AmericanShow MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesPhenomenology of the Narrative, 16 II Problems of Film Semiotics Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. The Cinema: Language or Language System? 31 Some Points in the Semiotics of the Cinema, 92 Problems of Denotation in the Fiction Film, 108 III Syntagmatic Analysis of the Image Track Chapter 6. Outline of the Autonomous Segments in Jacques Rozier s film Adieu Philippine, 149 Chapter 7. Syntagmatic Study of Jacques Rozier s Film Adieu Philippine, 177 vii viii CONTENTS IV The Modern Cinema: Some TheoreticalRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90 An Exercise for Identifying Aspects of Personal Culture: A Learning Plan and Autobiography